It is 2:40 in the morning in the Putumayo jungle. The air smells of wet earth and something else, something chemical, something that doesn’t belong on this mountain. General Rincón’s men have been walking for 4 hours without a flashlight, guided by coordinates that came from a source that no one will name tonight.
In front of them is a wooden and zinc structure camouflaged among the trees, with no light visible from the outside, no signs of movement. But the smell doesn’t lie. The sergeant at the front raises his fist. Everyone stops. There’s something in there. What they found when they opened that door was not what any of them expected.
And what I’m going to tell you tonight will change the way you understand how cocaine is manufactured in Colombia right now, who’s behind it, and why 11 tons of a chemical you’ve probably never heard of actually represent 37 tons of cocaine that won’t be reaching any port. Stay until the end because the name that appears at the bottom of this chain is not the name that nobody was looking at.
Putumayo is not a department that appears much in the headlines of Bogotá. It is one of those territories that the Colombian State has declared a priority on paper for 40 years, while in practice abandoning it to its fate between guerrillas, the military, and cartels. It borders Ecuador and Peru. It has dense jungle, rivers that don’t appear on every map, and a history of coca that goes back before most of those watching this were even born.
In the 90s, Putumayo was FARC territory. Entire blocs controlled production, processing, and export. When Plan Colombia arrived at the end of that decade, the fumigations destroyed hectares, displaced families, and in some municipalities effectively reduced the crops, but did not eliminate them, they moved them, fragmented them.
And when the FARC formally demobilized in 2016, the void they left in Putumayo was not filled by the state, but by dissident groups, the BRM, and structures that the JEP is still trying to map accurately. Today, Putumayo is one of the departments with the highest concentration of coca processing laboratories in the country.
I’m not talking about rustic laboratories with pots and drums. I’m talking about facilities that have industrial capacity, that receive chemical inputs in quantities that require logistics, land or river transport, and a corruption network that has to operate on several levels simultaneously so that those inputs reach the forest without being intercepted.
And this is where potassium permanganate comes in. Remember that name because it is the center of everything that follows. Potassium permanganate is a dark, almost black crystal with a metallic luster that seems out of place in any context. In chemistry it is a powerful oxidant. In medicine and water treatment it has completely legitimate uses, but in cocaine processing it fulfills a specific and irreplaceable function.
It serves to oxidize the base paste and convert it into cocaine hydrochloride, which is the final form, the exportable form, the form that has value in the markets of Europe and North America. Without potassium permanganate there is no refined cocaine. It’s that simple. The DEA classified it as a controlled chemical precursor decades ago.
Colombia has had it on its control list since the 1990s. Any company that imports, produces, or transports it must be registered, must declare volumes, and must justify the end use. The control system exists. The problem, as always in Colombia, is not that the system does not exist. The problem is what happens between theory and reality.
And what General Rincón found this week in Putumayo is the gap between those two worlds: 11 and a half tons of potassium permanganate stored in a structure camouflaged in the jungle, packed in industrial sacks with labels that the army is currently analyzing. I need you to stop for a second and think about what you just heard.
11 and a half tons. It’s not an amount that’s moved in a truck, it’s not an amount that someone carries on their back along a bridle path. 11.5 tons of any material require trucks, require routes, require loading and unloading time, require several people at various checkpoints to look the other way or not be where they should be.
This was not a shipment that slipped through by mistake. This was deliberate, funded logistics. protected. And now comes the number that General Rincón put on the table when he received the report of the operation. The technical ratio in the laboratories of Putumayo, according to the analysis of the army and the anti-narcotics unit that worked on this seizure, is approximately 3 kg of permanganate for every kilogram of cocaine processed. That means that 11.
5 tons of permanganate have the capacity to produce around 3,800 kg of refined cocaine under active laboratory conditions, but that is the conservative figure, the one that assumes an inefficient process. In well-equipped laboratories with experienced operators, that ratio improves, and the laboratories in Putumayo at this time are not improvised.
General Rincón’s projection is of 37 tons of potential cocaine. 37 tons that will no longer exist because that permanganate is now under the custody of the National Army. To put that into perspective, the largest cocaine seizure in Colombian history was 17 tons in 2019 in the department of Nariño.
What has just been prevented in Putumayo is more than double that figure in terms of potential production, but General Rincón did not arrive at that structure by chance, and the story of how he got there is the part that the conventional media are not telling. Three weeks before the operation, the intelligence unit working under General Rincón received information about unusual movements on a river route in Putumayo that connects to the Ecuadorian border.
It wasn’t information about cocaine, it was information about trucks, about schedules, about the fact that certain cargo vehicles were using secondary routes at times that did not correspond to any known legal transport pattern in the area. In military intelligence, that’s called a pattern anomaly. It is not direct evidence of anything.
It’s a sign that something is amiss and that it’s worth looking into further . General Rincón ordered surveillance. What they began to document in the following days was a supply chain that operated with an operational discipline not seen in improvised structures. The trucks did not make the same route twice; the cargo transfer points changed.
The schedules rotated. Someone with a background in counterintelligence had designed that logistics to be difficult to trace, but they made a mistake, a single mistake. One of the transfer points was too close to an indigenous community in Putumayo that has been collaborating with the army for years. Not because they blindly trust the Colombian state, but because the drug trafficking structures operating in their territory have cost them lives, displacement, and years of terror.
This community has eyes in the mountains that don’t appear on any intelligence organizational chart, and those eyes saw what the trucks were unloading. The report reached General Rincón in the early hours of Tuesday. 48 hours later, the operation was underway. The structure they found was not just a warehouse, it was a processing point in the installation phase.
There was partially assembled equipment, stainless steel containers, improvised ventilation systems, and power generators that could operate without a connection to the electrical grid. The permanganate was stored in a separate section under temperature-controlled conditions, indicating that whoever designed that space knew exactly what they were storing and how to preserve it.
This was not an operation by small growers trying to process their own harvest. Investment in infrastructure, logistics, supplies, and operational safety indicates a structure with significant capital and access to specialized technical knowledge. And that’s where General Rincón asked the question that no one else was asking.
Where did the permanganate come from? 11 and a half tons of potassium permanganate are not available on the local black market. There is no domestic production of that volume in Colombia. He must have entered the country; he must have passed through some checkpoint. He must have had documentation, even if it was false; there must be someone somewhere in the chain who let him through.
Analysis of the seized sacks and packaging waste labels points to an import route involving at least two transit countries before reaching Putumayo. The documents found in the structure, stored in a sealed metal box at the back of the warehouse, include what appear to be import invoices with company names that the army is currently verifying.
These companies are not in Putumayo, they are in cities, in offices, with accountants and managers and registered telephone numbers. Remember that because when General Rincón talks about dismantling a drug trafficking network, he’s not just talking about destroying laboratories in the jungle; he’s talking about following the trail as far as it leads, and in this case, the trail leads far from the jungle.
Potassium permanganate has another characteristic that makes it the most valuable link in this chain beyond its chemical function. It is regulated, yes, but its regulation is more difficult to apply than that of other precursors, because it has completely legitimate industrial uses in sectors such as water treatment, the pharmaceutical industry and the production of certain pigments.
This means that a company that legitimately imports it for real industrial use can, if it has the right accounting structure and contacts, divert a portion of its import without that being immediately visible in the records. It is the same mechanism that the Colombian cartels used in the 1990s with ether and acetone.
What changed is the chemical. The logic is identical. And here comes something that General Rincón is putting forward as a working hypothesis, and which the documents found in the metal box seem to support. The structure that supplied that laboratory in Putumayo did not buy permanganate on the black market, it diverted it from legal imports.
He had or has access to at least one company with a valid import registration in Colombia. A company that on paper does everything right, pays its taxes, has its roots, and in practice is being used as a supply channel for cocaine laboratories. That’s not jungle drug trafficking , that’s white-collar drug trafficking, and General Rincón knows it.
The 11 bags that were separated from the rest for priority forensic analysis were not chosen at random. They were chosen because they had signs of recent handling, labels with batch numbers that did not correspond to official import records from the period in which they were supposedly produced, and residues of secondary packaging material that suggest they were repackaged after entering the country.
Packing a controlled chemical precursor after importing it is an operation that requires physical space, equipment, and people with knowledge of chemical handling. It’s not something you do in a garage, it’s something you do in an industrial-capacity facility. That facility exists somewhere in Colombia. General Rincón is looking for her.
Meanwhile, army personnel in Putumayo continued searching the structure in the hours following the initial operation. What they found in the second inspection when they lifted the wooden floor of the rear section of the warehouse was an underground compartment of approximately 4m by 3m with its own ventilation and with the capacity to store additional material.
It was empty. That means one of two things. Either the compartment was never used and was built as future capacity, or it was emptied before the army arrived. If it was emptied, someone had enough advance notice of the operation to move what was inside. General Rincón ordered residue analysis in that compartment that same morning.
The results are not yet public. But the question that this empty compartment raises is whether this was just a successful seizure or if there is an active leak somewhere in the chain of command or intelligence surrounding this operation. In Putumayo, that question isn’t paranoid, it’s protocol.
Is there anything else that General Rincón found in that structure that has not been mentioned in any of the army’s official statements? And I mention it here because it’s the detail that changes the scale of what we ‘re looking at. Among the documents in the metal box was a list; it wasn’t a list of names, it was a list of dates and amounts, dates ranging from 9 months to 3 weeks before the operation.
These amounts, when added together, represent approximately four times the volume seized this week. That means this wasn’t the first delivery, that this lab or network of labs had already received permanganate in similar quantities at least three times before, and that in the last 9 months, while this structure operated undetected, cocaine processed with that permanganate had already been shipped to some destination.
General Rincón is not alone in facing a seizure; he is facing the trail of an operation that has been running for months and that this week lost its fourth shipment. The previous three arrived. That’s what he ‘s investigating now. The list of dates and amounts was sent that same night to the Financial Analysis Unit, which works in coordination with the army and the CHEP to track money flows associated with drug trafficking structures in the south of the country.
If those previous deliveries resulted in processed and exported cocaine, there’s money somewhere. Money that entered the Colombian or foreign financial system disguised as something legitimate. That money has a name, it has an account, it has a company. And General Rincón knows that permanganate is just the thread.
The fabric is in another place. There is a name that appeared in the documents of the metal box that the army is verifying with maximum discretion. It’s not the name of a jungle kingpin, it’s not an alias, it’s the name of a legal entity, a company registered in a Colombian city that is neither Bogotá, nor Medellín, nor Cali, an intermediate city, a city where nobody is watching.
General Rincón is watching. In the next few days that verification will end and when it ends the question will not be whether that company has links with the supply of precursors to laboratories in Putumayo. The question is going to be, who founded it? Who runs it? And who else in their supply chain and customers knew what it was really for? Because in Colombia, the drug trafficking that lasts is not the one that operates with rifles in the jungle.
The one who lasts is the one who has an office, an accountant, a lawyer, and the patience to build a facade that can withstand several years of superficial review. The one who can’t stand it is the review that General Rincón does when he has a metal box with 9 months of records in his hand, 37 tons of cocaine that will not exist, 11 and a half tons of permanganate in custody, a dismantled structure in the Putumayo jungle, an empty compartment that asks uncomfortable questions, a list of dates that opens three parallel investigations and a company name in an
intermediate city that nobody had looked at. That’s what happened this week. But there’s something I don’t want to get lost in the numbers and logistics. In the area of influence of that laboratory that General Rincón dismantled this week, there are communities, families that have been living for decades with coca as a backdrop, not because they chose it, but because the State never offered them a real alternative and because the armed structures that control that territory do not accept neutrality. There are young people in those
communities who started working in laboratories because it was the only way to have an income. There are women who bear the burden of what their children or partners do to survive. There are community leaders who have tried to speak out and have paid for that attempt with displacement or worse.
The cocaine that this laboratory would have produced was not going to stay in Putumayo; it was going to cross borders, destroy lives in other countries, and the money it generated was going to return to Colombia, in part to continue financing the violence that keeps these communities trapped. Dismantling that chain is not just a military operation; it is a small break in a cycle that has been reproducing itself for decades.
It’s not enough. General Rincón knows it’s not enough, but it’s real and this week it was concrete. If you’ve made it this far, it’s because these kinds of stories really matter to you, not just as news items, but as part of understanding how Colombia really works on the inside. That’s exactly what we do on this channel, follow the thread as far as it leads without getting stuck on the headline.
If you want us to continue reaching places where the news doesn’t , subscribe and turn on notifications. Each video you finish watching tells the algorithm that this content is worthwhile, and that’s what allows us to keep producing. Leave this in the comments . Do you think the company that appears in those documents will be publicly named or will it disappear into a sealed file like so many times before in Colombia? This doesn’t end here.
The name of that company in the midtown and what the forensic analysis of the empty compartment will reveal is the next chapter. And that chapter is going to have names you recognize. M.
QQ4 Bob Dylan and Keith Richards have been close friends for nearly 40 years. The friendship began on a live television program in November of 1986 in the 11 seconds after Bob Dylan called Keith Richards music derivative on camera. Keith Richard’s response to that assessment, one sentence said without anger, without performance, with the specific directness of a man who has nothing to prove and knows it made Bob Dylan laugh.
Then made Bob Dylan go quiet. then made Bob Dylan say two words that people who know Bob Dylan say he almost never said to anyone. This is the story of those 11 seconds and the 40 years that followed them. The program was a live music interview special broadcast on an American network on the evening of November 3rd, 1986. The format was simple.
Two musicians, a host, an hour of conversation about music and the state of it. The producers had assembled the pairing of Bob Dylan and Keith Richards with the specific calculation of television producers who understand that two people with equally strong and potentially incompatible views about what music is and what it should do will produce better television than two people who agree about everything.
The calculation was correct, though not in the way the producers had anticipated. Bob Dylan was 45 years old in November of 1986. Bob Dylan had released Empire Burlesque the previous year and had been on the road for most of the intervening period as part of the True Confessions tour with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.
Bob Dylan was in November of 1986 in one of the most prolific and restless phases of a career that had consisted almost entirely of prolific and restless phases. A career that had moved through folk, rock, country, gospel, and back again, that had been declared finished at least six times by the music press, and at each time continued with the serene indifference of a river to the opinions of people standing on its banks.
Bob Dylan had been redefining what music could be. Since 1962, Bob Dylan had invented and reinvented himself so many times that reinvention had become his defining characteristic, not in the superficial sense of a performer changing costumes, but in the deeper sense of a musician who had never allowed his work to settle into a form that could be anticipated or categorized from the outside.
Bob Dylan understood influence and originality and the relationship between them better than almost anyone alive in 1986. Bob Dylan had spent 24 years thinking carefully and specifically about where music came from and where music was going and what it meant that those two things were always in constant conversation with each other.
Keith Richards was 42 years old in November of 1986. Keith Richards had been playing guitar professionally since 1962. Keith Richards had built a career on a foundation of American blues and rhythm and blues. A foundation that Keith Richards had studied with the systematic devotion of someone who understood that the tradition he was building on was not incidental to the music he was making, but essential to it.
that you could not understand what Keith Richards did without understanding where Keith Richards had come from and what Keith Richards had been listening to since he was a teenager in Dartford with American Import Records and a secondhand guitar and no teacher except the recordings themselves. Keith Richards had never pretended otherwise. Keith Richards had in fact spent considerable energy across his career making the lineage explicit, naming the artists, citing the recordings, insisting on the acknowledgement of influence that the mainstream music
industry had a long history of suppressing or ignoring or crediting to the wrong people. If anything, Keith Richards was more transparent about his sources than most musicians of his generation. Keith Richards had always said openly that the Rolling Stones came directly from the blues, that Muddy Waters and Robert Johnson and the specific tradition of the Mississippi Delta were not background influences, but foundational ones.
The music Keith Richards made was in direct and sustained conversation with that tradition, something Keith Richards considered not a limitation, but a responsibility and a form of respect. The interview had been running for 8 minutes when the host asked Bob Dylan about the current state of rock and roll.
Bob Dylan answered with the density and the indirection that characterized Bob Dylan’s responses to direct questions, turning the question over, approaching it from an unexpected angle, finding his way to what he actually thought through a series of observations that moved like a river rather than a road. Bob Dylan was not a straightforward interview subject.
Bob Dylan had been asked about rock and roll in hundreds of interviews across 24 years and had developed the habit of treating the question as an invitation to think out loud rather than a request for a prepared position. The producer Gerald Sherman said afterward that in the first 8 minutes of the interview, he had been slightly anxious, not because anything was going wrong, but because nothing was going anywhere in particular yet.
The interview had the feeling of two conversations happening simultaneously. Bob Dylan’s internal one and the external one visible to the cameras. And Gerald Sherman was not certain in those first eight minutes that the two conversations would converge into something. Bob Dylan talked about influence. Bob Dylan talked about originality.
Bob Dylan talked about the difference between music that absorbed a tradition and transformed it and music that absorbed a tradition and reproduced it. And then Bob Dylan made his assessment. And then Bob Dylan said with the precision of a man making a musical assessment rather than a personal judgment that the Rolling Stones work, and Bob Dylan was specific, naming Keith Richards as the guitarist whose approach he was discussing was derivative in a way that Bob Dylan found limiting.
Bob Dylan said it without hostility. Bob Dylan said it as a technical observation about the relationship between source material and the work that came from it. Bob Dylan said that Keith Richards played the blues the way the blues had already been played, rather than using the blues as a starting point for something that had not yet been played.
Keith Richards had been listening to this with the specific attention Keith Richards gave to things being said about music by people who knew music. Keith Richards did not interrupt. Keith Richards did not shift in his chair or display any of the visible signals of a person preparing a defensive response. Keith Richards listened to Bob Dylan’s complete observation all the way to its conclusion without interrupting and without displaying any visible signal of preparing a response.
Then Keith Richards said one sentence. The sentence was not a rebuttal. The sentence did not defend Keith Richards music or argue for its originality or challenge Bob Dylan’s characterization of what the blues meant in the context of rock and roll. The sentence was something else entirely, something that required a specific kind of confidence to say.
The confidence of a person who has spent long enough thinking about the same things as the person they are talking to that they can locate the exact point where their thinking diverges and say something useful about that point rather than simply defending their own position. The sentence acknowledged everything Bob Dylan had said, the assessment, the distinction Bob Dylan was drawing, the specific musical concern underlying the observation, and then turned it 90°.
Keith Richards took Bob Dylan’s own framework, the one Bob Dylan had used to analyze Keith Richards relationship to the blues tradition, and applied it back to Bob Dylan’s work with the same precision Bob Dylan had used to apply it to Keith Richards. Spare aimed. The sentence asked Bob Dylan something about Bob Dylan’s own music, about the relationship between Bob Dylan’s sources and Bob Dylan’s output that Bob Dylan had not been asked on television before.
The sentence did not attack. The sentence illuminated. Bob Dylan laughed. The laugh was not the polite laugh of someone responding to a joke. The laugh was the involuntary laugh of someone who has been genuinely surprised. The specific kind of surprise that a person of exceptional intelligence experiences when someone else’s intelligence exceeds their expectations.
Bob Dylan laughed for 4 seconds. Then Bob Dylan stopped laughing. Then Bob Dylan was quiet for 3 seconds in the way that Bob Dylan was quiet when Bob Dylan was thinking rather than performing thought. Then Bob Dylan said, “You’re right.” The producer in the booth, a man named Gerald Sherman, who had been working in television for 14 years, said afterward that in 14 years of live television production, he had never heard Bob Dylan say those two words in a public forum.
Gerald Sherman said he had worked with Bob Dylan on two previous occasions and had observed Bob Dylan in numerous other contexts and that you’re right was not a phrase that Bob Dylan deployed easily or often because Bob Dylan had spent 24 years being right about music in ways that other people eventually caught up with. And the experience of being right ahead of everyone else does not generally produce a man who says you’re right readily when someone else makes a point.
The host of the program, a journalist named Patricia Wells, who had been interviewing musicians for 12 years, said afterward that the 11 seconds between Bob Dylan’s assessment and Bob Dylan saying, “You’re right,” were the most extraordinary 11 seconds of television she had been present for. Patricia Wells said that what she witnessed in those 11 seconds was not a debate or a confrontation or a celebrity exchange of competing opinions.
Patricia Wells said what she witnessed was one musician recognizing another musician as an equal, which was in the specific context of Bob Dylan in 1986, not something that happened in public very often. The interview continued for another 42 minutes after those 11 seconds. The conversation between Bob Dylan and Keith Richards in the remaining 42 minutes was described by everyone who watched it as fundamentally different from the first 8 minutes.
The host, Patricia Wells, who had been conducting music interviews for 12 years and understood the difference between the performance of conversation and actual conversation, said that at approximately the 9-minute mark, something shifted in the studio. That the formal interview, architecture dissolved, and what replaced it was something less structured and more genuine.
Bob Dylan and Keith Richards talked about influence and originality and the blues and what it meant to build on a tradition without being consumed by it. They talked about specific recordings and specific musicians with the specificity of two people who had spent their entire adult lives thinking about these things and rarely found another person who had thought about them with equivalent care.
They talked about where music came from and where music was going and whether those two questions were actually one question or two. Patricia Wells said afterward that she had asked approximately four questions in the remaining 42 minutes because Bob Dylan and Keith Richards did not require questions. They required only a room and a camera and the shared understanding that what they were saying together was worth recording carefully.
She said it was the best interview she had ever conducted and that she had conducted the smallest part of it. After the program, Bob Dylan and Keith Richards were in the corridor outside the studio when the host Patricia Wells passed them. Patricia Wells said she did not stop because she did not want to interrupt.
She observed them for approximately 30 seconds from a distance. She said they were talking with the ease of people who had known each other for years rather than people who had met for the first time 2 hours earlier. She said that something had shifted between them during the broadcast that the broadcast had made permanent rather than temporary.
She continued down the corridor and did not look back. She said in her account of that evening that she had decided in that moment not to interrupt the conversation because some conversations are more valuable than any question a journalist might ask and that the conversation she had observed for 30 seconds in the corridor outside the studio was one of them.
She had been a music journalist for 12 years. She recognized the difference. Bob Dylan and Keith Richards have maintained their friendship across four decades. They have appeared together at various events, most significantly at the concert for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, where people who were present described them as inseparable for most of the evening, occupying the same corner of the backstage area and talking with the concentrated attention of people who only have a limited amount of time together and intend to use it
well. Bob Dylan has spoken about Keith Richards in interviews with the specific thoughtful care that Bob Dylan reserves for musicians whose work Bob Dylan considers genuinely important rather than merely culturally prominent. Keith Richards has spoken about Bob Dylan in similar terms with the specific respect of someone who recognizes in another person a commitment to music that goes deeper than career.
Neither Bob Dylan nor Keith Richards has made a public statement specifically about how the friendship began or about the November 1986 interview. Bob Dylan has not mentioned the 11 seconds. Keith Richards has not mentioned the sentence. The interview exists in the archive. The 11 seconds are there. The laugh is there. The two words are there.
What is also there for anyone who watches the interview from its beginning and pays attention to the shift that happens at the 9-minute mark is the specific moment when two people who thought they were appearing on a television program discovered they were actually talking to each other. What Keith Richards said in that one sentence has never been officially reported.
The people who were in the studio that evening, Gerald Sherman, Patricia Wells, the floor crew, the two camera operators, the makeup artist who was watching from the side of the set, have described the sentence in consistent terms. They have described its effect. They have described Bob Dylan’s laugh and Bob Dylan’s silence and Bob Dylan’s two words.
They have not repeated the sentence itself in the specific understanding that the sentence was said between two musicians on a television program and that its power resided in the specific context of that exchange and would not survive removal from it intact. What can be said is this. Keith Richards said something to Bob Dylan about Bob Dylan’s music that used Bob Dylan’s own observation about Keith Richards as its starting point and arrived somewhere that Bob Dylan had not anticipated.
Keith Richards turned Bob Dylan’s assessment 90° and showed Bob Dylan something about the music they had both spent their lives making that Bob Dylan recognized immediately as true. And Bob Dylan said, “You’re right.” Two words said by Bob Dylan in public on live television in 1986 to Keith Richards in response to a single sentence Keith Richards had said about music.
Two words that Gerald Sherman, who had worked with Bob Dylan on two previous occasions, said he had never heard Bob Dylan say in a public forum. Two words that Patricia Wells, who had been interviewing musicians for 12 years, said were the most significant two words she had heard in those 12 years. Not because of their content, but because of who said them and what it cost to say them and what it meant that Keith Richards had produced them in 11 seconds from a conversation that began with Bob Dylan calling Keith Richards’s music derivative. And Keith Richards and
Bob Dylan have been close friends for nearly 40 years. The sentence did its work in 11 seconds on the evening of November 3rd, 1986. The work has been ongoing ever since. If this story moved you, subscribe and leave a comment below. Have you ever said something to someone that turned a potential disagreement into an unexpected and lasting connection? Tell us about it in the comments below.
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